中華心理學刊 民 77，30 卷，1 期，47-63
Chinese Journal of Psychology 1988, Vol.30, No.1, 47-63
程小危（國立台灣大學）
摘要
本研究分析七位智國語幼兒從雙詞開始出現（平均發言長度>1）一直到最高 平均發言長度為3.56 期間，在自然狀態下由問話引發或自發的否定句。最早出現 的否定句，一方面以「不要」表達一己，他人拒絕的意願或限制自己，他人從事某 一件事;另一方面以「沒有」描述某一實體不存在或否定「擁有」。進而延伸到鼓 述某狀態、特質、動態「不存在」以及某動作、事件「沒有」發生。因此，此階段 語法上最常發生的錯誤，即在該用「不」的地方，幼兒代以「沒有」否定。「不」字句進一步的拓展是分別智得一個個總是與「不」聯用之否定詞彙（如不會，不行，不是，不知道）以及少數涵蓋範圍較廣的局部性規則（如否定結果複合動詞）。根據語言學家的分析，「不」跟「沒有」適用範疇最大的差別在於前者涉及「意志 」，後者否定「完成」。到本研究結束前，幼兒尚未發展出以「完成」、「時貌」等概念爲依據的區辨規則。事實上即使根據成人用法，「不」與「沒有」功能上的 差異也無法截然劃分，而只能以各種考虑因素分配上，典範性上的不同來處理。很 可能，成人跟幼兒程度上有別，然始終部份依賴以特定詞彙為基礎或他種局部性的 規則。另外，習國語幼兒形成否定句的歷程為先將否定記號與動詞，形容詞或動動 詞結合，再分別學會將此帶有否定記號的動詞跟主詞或受詞結合，然後組成具有主詞、動詞、受詞，完整的否定句。因此，否定詞位置，距發生錯誤的可能性不大，也不需要歷經如有些研究者所提出習英語幼兒必經之將否定詞置於句外，再移入句中的過程。
Beginning Negative Sentences Among Mandarin Speaking Toddlers： With Special Reference To the Differentiation between "BU" and "Méi Yǒu"
Shall-Way Cheng（National Taiwan University）
Abstract
This study analysed the earliest negative sentences produced in naturalistic environments by 8 toddlers acquiring Mandarin Chinese (1<MLU<3.56). Mainly, there are two negative markers in Mandarin: "bu" and " méi yǒu". The central differences between “bu" and "méi yǒu” concern whether "will" or "completion" are involved. The first emerging negative sentences in Mandarin expressed rejection or prohibition with "bu-yao" and described nonexistence of an entity with "méi yǒu”. Later on, the meaning of nonexistence was extended to negate the existence of states, attributes or experiences as well as the occurrence of actions or events. As such, typical errors appeared in these early negative sentences involved overgeneralizing the use of "méi yǒu " to cases where "bu" should be applied. Further differentiation of "bu" from "méi yǒu " appeared to be learned through acquiring specific lexicons or limited-scopeformulas associated with "bu". This shows that toddlers of this age have not mastered grammatical rules as much controlled as adult usage by notions such as "completion", "aspect" and "state vs. action or process". Even in adult usage, the differentiation between "méi yǒu " and "bu" can only be handled by taking distributional factors and typicality into considerations. It is quite possible, even adults still depend on some limited-scope or lexicon-based rules.
