中華心理學刊 民 91，44 卷，2 期，137-150
Chinese Journal of Psychology 2002, Vol.44, No.2, 137-150

Peter H. Schönemann（Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University）

Abstract

In a number of publications, Jensen has recalled Spearman's (1927) observation that, for Black/White IQ data, the loadings on the dominant eigenvectors (Note 1) in each battery tend to correlate positively with the subtest mean differences ('Spearman's Hypothesis', Level II). According to Jensen, these positive correlations confirm the existence of a general intelligence factor ('g') closely related to Black/White IQ differences. The present author has argued that these positive correlations can be explained as a simple consequence of the multinormality and positivity of IQ data, and thus have nothing to do with race or g. This thesis is supported by algebraic deduction, by geometric argument, by computer simulations, and, indeed, by Jensen's own data. Some authors have challenged this account, most recently Steiger (1997). He contends the needed multinormality assumption is unwarranted for Jensen's data -without, however, providing any evidence to support this claim (Note 9). Here it will be shown that, in fact, Jensen's data fit the multinormality assumption much better than an alternative model ('I') Steiger has proposed. Finally, a new result relating cosines and correlations will be presented, which sheds additional light on the Spearman Hypothesis artefact in the fallible case.

Keywords：Mental tests, Intelligence, Spearman's hypothesis, Spearman's g, artefacts, Black/White IQ differences, Racism